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License

The Digital Literacy Hub website and its interactive tools are published under a Creative Commons license. You are welcome to use and share them, provided you respect the conditions below.

This website

Unless otherwise noted, the content of digitalliteracyhub.nl © 2026 by Philipp K. Masur is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

This does not apply to logos and trademarks (including those of our partner institutions), to photos and other material from third parties, or to the publications and instruments we cite, which remain subject to their own licenses.

Our tools

What this license means

  • Attribution: you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
  • NonCommercial: you may not use the material for commercial purposes.
  • NoDerivatives: if you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.

Read the full license text at Creative Commons

Sources of the questionnaire items

All 140 items of the Digital Literacy Hub questionnaire were developed by us. Some of them (101 items) were inspired by or adapted from the published instruments listed below; no items were taken over verbatim. Of the 28 items in the short form used in the Assessment Tool, 21 draw on these instruments. We gratefully acknowledge their authors.

  • Ashley, S., Maksl, A., & Craft, S. (2013). Developing a news media literacy scale. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 68(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077695812469802
  • Carolus, A., Koch, M. J., Straka, S., Latoschik, M. E., & Wienrich, C. (2023). MAILS: Meta AI literacy scale. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 1(2), 100014.
  • de Vries, D. A., Piotrowski, J. T., & de Vreese, C. (2025). Developing the DigIQ: A measure of digital competence. PLOS ONE, 20(5), e0322995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322995
  • De Vries, D. A., Piotrowski, J., & de Vreese, C. (2022). DigIQ [measurement instrument]. https://osf.io/dfvqb
  • Van Oosten et al. (2025). DigIQ 2.0 [measurement instrument]. https://osf.io/d5c7n
  • Dogruel, L., Masur, P. K., & Joeckel, S. (2022). Development and validation of an algorithm literacy scale for internet users. Communication Methods and Measures, 16(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2021.1968361
  • Masur, P. K., Teutsch, D., & Trepte, S. (2017). Entwicklung und Validierung der Online-Privatheitskompetenzskala (OPLIS). Diagnostica, 63(4), 256–268.
  • Purington Drake, A., Masur, P. K., Bazarova, N. N., Zou, W., & Whitlock, J. (2023). The youth social media literacy inventory: Development and validation using item response theory in the US. Journal of Children and Media. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2023.2230493
  • Rozendaal, E., Opree, S. J., & Buijzen, M. (2016). Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure children's advertising literacy. Media Psychology, 19(1), 72–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.885843
  • van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Helsper, E. J., & Eynon, R. (2016). Development and validation of the Internet Skills Scale (ISS). Information, Communication & Society, 19(6), 804–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1078834
  • Vraga, E. K., Tully, M., Kotcher, J. E., Smithson, A.-B., & Broeckelman-Post, M. (2015). A multi-dimensional approach to measuring news media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 7(3), 41–53.

For uses not covered by this license, please get in touch with us.

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